John R. "Johnny" Cash[2]
(February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003), born J. R. Cash,
was an
American
singer-songwriter, actor,[3]
and author,[3]
who has been called one of the most influential musicians of the
20th century.[4]
Although he is primarily remembered as a
country music artist, his songs and
sound spanned many other
genres including
rockabilly and
rock and roll—especially early in his
career—as well as blues,
folk, and
gospel. Late in his career, Cash
covered songs by several
rock artists, among them the
industrial rock band
Nine Inch Nails[5][6]
and the synthpop band
Depeche Mode.[6][7][8]
Johnny Cash was known for his deep, distinctive
bass-baritone voice;[9][11]
for the "boom-chicka-boom"
freight train sound
of his
Tennessee Three backing band; for his rebelliousness,[12][13]
coupled with an increasingly somber and humble demeanor;[9]
for providing free concerts inside
prison walls;[14][15]
and for his dark performance clothing, which earned him the
nickname "The Man in Black".[16]
He traditionally started his concerts by saying, "Hello, I'm
Johnny Cash."[17][18]
and usually following it up with his standard "Folsom Prison Blues."
Much of Cash's music, especially that of his
later career, echoed themes of sorrow, moral tribulation and
redemption.[9][19]
His signature songs include "I Walk the Line", "Folsom Prison Blues", "Ring of Fire", "Get
Rhythm" and "Man in Black". He also recorded humorous numbers, such as "One Piece at a Time" and "A Boy Named Sue"; a duet with his future wife,
June Carter, called "Jackson"; as well as
railroad songs including "Hey, Porter" and "Rock Island Line".[20]
Cash, a devout but troubled
Christian,[21][22]
has been characterized "as a lens through which to view American
contradictions and challenges."[23][25]
A Biblical scholar,[3][26][27]
he penned a Christian novel entitled Man In
White,[28][29]
and he made a spoken word recording of the entire
New King James Version of the
New Testament.[30][31]
Even so, Cash declared that he was "the biggest
sinner
of them all", and viewed himself overall as a complicated and
contradictory man.[32][33]
Accordingly,[34]
Cash is said to have "contained multitudes", and has been deemed
"the philosopher-prince of American country
music".[35][36]
Early career
In 1954, Cash and Vivian moved to
Memphis, Tennessee, where he sold appliances while studying to be
a radio announcer. At night he played with guitarist
Luther Perkins and bassist
Marshall Grant. Perkins and Grant were known as the
Tennessee Two. Cash worked up the courage to
visit the Sun Records studio, hoping to get a
recording contract. After auditioning for
Sam Phillips, singing mostly gospel
songs, Phillips told him that gospel was unmarketable. It was once
rumored that Phillips told Cash to "go home and sin, then come
back with a song I can sell," though Cash refuted that Phillips
made any such comment in a 2002 interview.[56]
Cash eventually won over the producer with new songs delivered in
his early frenetic style. His first recordings at Sun, "Hey Porter" and "Cry! Cry! Cry!", were released in 1955 and met with reasonable
success on the country
hit parade.
On December 4, 1956,
Elvis Presley dropped in on studio owner
Sam Phillips to pay a social visit while
Carl Perkins was in the studio cutting
new tracks, with
Jerry Lee Lewis backing him on piano.
Cash was also in the studio and the four started an
impromptu
jam session. Phillips left the tapes
running and the recordings, almost half of which were gospel
songs, survived and have since been released under the title
Million Dollar Quartet.
Cash's next record, "Folsom Prison Blues", made
the country Top 5, and "I Walk the Line" became No. 1 on the country charts and
entered the pop charts Top 20. "Home of the Blues" followed, recorded in July 1957. That same year
Cash became the first Sun artist to release a
long-playing album.
Although he was Sun's most consistently best-selling and prolific
artist at that time, Cash felt constrained by his contract with
the small label. Presley had already left Sun, and Phillips was
focusing most of his attention and promotion on Lewis. The
following year Cash left the label to sign a lucrative offer with
Columbia Records, where his single "Don't Take Your Guns to Town"
became one of his biggest hits.
In the early 1960s, Cash toured with the
Carter Family, which by this time
regularly included
Mother Maybelle's daughters,
Anita,
June and Helen. June, whom Cash would eventually
marry, later recalled admiring him from afar during these tours.
In the 1960s he appeared on
Pete Seeger's short lived Rainbow
Quest.[57]
He also acted in a
1961 film entitled
Five Minutes to Live, later re-released as
Door-to-door Maniac. He also wrote and sang the opening theme.
Outlaw image
As his career was taking off in the early 1960s,
Cash started drinking heavily and became addicted to
amphetamines and
barbiturates. For a brief time, he shared
an apartment in Nashville with
Waylon Jennings, who was heavily addicted to amphetamines. Cash
used the uppers to stay awake during tours. Friends joked about
his "nervousness" and erratic behavior, many ignoring the warning
signs of his worsening
drug addiction. In
a behind-the-scenes look at
The Johnny Cash Show,
Cash claims to have "tried every drug there was to try."
Although in many ways spiraling out of control,
Cash's frenetic creativity was still delivering hits. His
rendition of "Ring of Fire" was a
crossover hit, reaching No. 1 on the
country charts and entering the Top 20 on the pop charts. The song
was written by June Carter and
Merle Kilgore. The song was originally
performed by Carter's sister, but the signature
mariachi-style horn arrangement was provided by Cash, who said
that it had come to him in a dream.
In June 1965, his truck caught fire due to an
overheated wheel bearing, triggering a forest fire that burned
several hundred acres in
Los Padres National Forest
in California.[58][59]
When the judge asked Cash why he did it, Cash said, "I didn't do
it, my truck did, and it's dead, so you can't question it."[47]
The fire destroyed 508 acres (2.06 km2), burning the
foliage off three mountains and killing 49 of the refuge's 53
endangered
condors. Cash was unrepentant: "I don't care
about your damn yellow buzzards." The federal government sued him
and was awarded $125,172 ($863,091 in current dollar terms). Cash
eventually settled the case
and paid $82,001.[60]
He said he was the only person ever sued by the government for
starting a forest fire.[47]
Although Cash carefully cultivated a romantic
outlaw image, he never served a
prison sentence. Despite landing in jail seven times for
misdemeanors, each stay lasted only a
single night. His most infamous run-in with the law occurred while
on tour in 1965, when he was arrested by a
narcotics squad in
El Paso, Texas. The officers suspected
that he was smuggling
heroin from Mexico, but it was prescription narcotics and
amphetamines that the singer had hidden inside his guitar case.
Because they were prescription drugs rather than illegal
narcotics, he received a
suspended sentence.
Johnny Cash and his second wife, June
Carter
Cash was later arrested on May 11, 1965, in
Starkville, Mississippi, for
trespassing late at
night onto private property to pick flowers. (This incident gave
the spark for the song "Starkville City Jail", which he spoke
about on his live At San Quentin prison album.)
In the mid 1960s, Cash released a number of
concept albums, including
Ballads Of the True
West (1965), an experimental double record mixing
authentic frontier songs with Cash's spoken narration, and
Bitter Tears
(1964), with songs highlighting the plight of the
Native Americans.
His drug addiction was at its worst at this point, and his
destructive behavior led to a divorce from his first wife and
canceled performances.
In 1967, Cash's duet with Carter, "Jackson", won a Grammy Award.
Johnny Cash's final arrest was in
Walker County, GA where he was taken in
after being involved in a car accident while carrying a bag of
prescription pills. Cash attempted to bribe a local deputy, who
turned the money down, and then spent the night in a
LaFayette, GA jail.
The singer was released after a long talk with Sheriff Ralph
Jones, who warned him of his dangerous behavior and wasted
potential. Johnny credited that experience for saving his life,
and he later came back to LaFayette to play a benefit concert that
attracted 12,000 people (the city population was less than 9,000
at the time) and raised $75,000 for the high school.[61]
Cash quit using drugs in 1968, after a spiritual
epiphany in the
Nickajack Cave, when he attempted to commit suicide while under the
heavy influence of drugs. He descended deeper into the cave,
trying to lose himself and "just die", when he passed out on the
floor. He reported to be exhausted and feeling at the end of his
rope when he felt God's presence in his heart and managed to
struggle out of the cave (despite the exhaustion) by following a
faint light and slight breeze. To him, it was his own rebirth.
June,
Maybelle, and Ezra Carter moved into Cash's mansion for a month to
help him conquer his addiction. Cash proposed onstage to June at a
concert at the
London Gardens in
London, Ontario, Canada on February 22, 1968; the couple married a
week later (on March 1) in
Franklin, Kentucky. June had agreed to marry Cash after he had
'cleaned up'.[62]
He rediscovered his Christian faith, taking an "altar
call" in Evangel Temple, a small church in the Nashville area,
pastored by Rev. Jimmy Rodgers Snow, son of country music legend
Hank Snow. Cash chose this church over many
larger celebrity churches in the Nashville area because he said
that there he was treated like just another parishioner and not a
celebrity[citation needed].
Folsom Prison Blues
Cash felt great compassion for prisoners. He
began performing concerts at various prisons starting in the late
1950s.His first ever prison concert was held on January 1, 1958 at
San Quentin State Prison.[63]
These performances led to a pair of highly successful live albums,
Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison (1968) and
Johnny Cash at San Quentin (1969).
The
Folsom Prison record was
introduced by a rendition of his classic "Folsom Prison Blues",
while the San Quentin record
included the crossover hit single "A Boy Named Sue", a
Shel Silverstein-penned novelty song that reached No. 1 on the
country charts and No. 2 on the U.S.
Top
Ten pop charts. The AM versions of the latter contained a
couple of profanities which were edited out. The modern CD
versions are unedited and uncensored and thus also longer than the
original vinyl albums, though they still retain the audience
reaction overdubs of the originals.
In addition to his performances at U.S. prisons,
Cash also performed at the
Österåker Prison in Sweden in 1972.
The live album
På Österåker ("At Österåker") was
released in 1973. Between the songs, Cash can be heard speaking
Swedish, which was greatly appreciated by the
inmates."The Man in Black"
From 1969 to 1971, Cash starred in his own
television show,
The Johnny Cash Show,
on the
ABC network.
The Statler Brothers opened up for him in every episode;
the Carter Family and rockabilly legend
Carl Perkins were also part of the
regular show entourage. However, Cash also enjoyed booking more
contemporary performers as guests; such notables included
Neil Young,
Louis Armstrong,
Kenny Rogers and The First Edition (who appeared a record four
times on his show),
James Taylor,
Ray Charles,
Eric Clapton (then leading
Derek and the Dominos), and
Bob Dylan.
Cash had met with Dylan in the mid 1960s and
became closer friends when they were neighbors in the late 1960s
in Woodstock, New York. Cash was
enthusiastic about reintroducing the reclusive Dylan to his
audience. Cash sang a duet with Dylan on Dylan's country album
Nashville Skyline and also wrote the album's
Grammy-winning
liner notes.
Another artist who received a major career boost
from The Johnny Cash Show was songwriter
Kris Kristofferson, who was beginning to make a name for
himself as a singer/songwriter. During a live performance of
Kristofferson's "Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down",
Cash refused to change the lyrics to suit network executives,
singing the song with its references to
marijuana intact: "On a Sunday morning sidewalk / I'm wishin', Lord,
that I was stoned."[64]
By the early 1970s, he had crystallized his
public image as "The Man in Black". He regularly performed dressed
all in black, wearing a long black knee-length coat. This outfit
stood in contrast to the costumes worn by most of the major
country acts in his day:
rhinestone suit and
cowboy boots. In
1971, Cash wrote the song "Man in Black", to help explain his dress code: "We're doing
mighty fine I do suppose / In our streak of lightning cars and
fancy clothes / But just so we're reminded of the ones who are
held back / Up front there ought to be a man in black."
He wore black on behalf of the
poor and hungry, on behalf of "the prisoner who has long
paid for his crime",[65]
and on behalf of those who have been betrayed by age or drugs.[65]
"And," Cash added, "with the
Vietnam War as painful in my mind as it
was in most other Americans', I wore it 'in mournin' for the lives
that could have been.' ... Apart from the Vietnam War being over,
I don't see much reason to change my position ... The old are
still neglected, the poor are still poor, the young are still
dying before their time, and we're not making many moves to make
things right. There's still plenty of darkness to carry off."[65]
He and his band had initially worn black shirts
because that was the only matching color they had among their
various outfits.[47]
He wore other colors on stage early in his career, but he claimed
to like wearing black both on and off stage. He stated that,
political reasons aside, he simply liked black as his on-stage
color.[47]
To this day, the
United States Navy's
winter blue service
uniform is referred to by sailors as "Johnny Cashes", as the
uniform's shirt, tie, and trousers are solid black.[66]
In the mid 1970s, Cash's popularity and number
of hit songs began to decline, but his autobiography (the first of
two), titled Man in Black, was published in 1975 and sold
1.3 million copies. A second, Cash: The Autobiography,
appeared in 1997. His friendship with
Billy Graham led to the production of a
film about the life of
Jesus,
The Gospel Road, which Cash co-wrote and narrated.
He also continued to appear on television,
hosting an annual Christmas special on
CBS
throughout the 1970s. Later television appearances included a role
in an episode of
Columbo (Swan Song). He also
appeared with his wife on an episode of
Little House on
the Prairie entitled "The Collection" and gave a
performance as
John Brown in the 1985
American Civil War television mini-series
North and South.
He had a returning role as Kid Cole on the CBS series Dr. Quinn
Medicine Woman in the mid-1990s.
He was friendly with every United States
President starting with
Richard Nixon. He was closest with
Jimmy Carter, who became a very close
friend.[47]
He stated that he found all of them personally charming, noting
that this was probably essential to getting oneself elected.[47]
When invited to perform at the
White House for the first time in 1972,
Richard Nixon's office requested that he play "Okie from Muskogee" (a
satirical Merle Haggard song about people who
despised youthful drug users and war protesters) and "Welfare
Cadillac" (a Guy Drake song which denies the integrity of
welfare recipients). Cash declined to play either and instead
selected other songs, including "The Ballad of
Ira Hayes" (about a brave Native-American
World War II veteran who was mistreated
upon his return to Arizona), and his own compositions, "What is
Truth?" and "Man in Black". Cash wrote that the reasons for
denying Nixon's song choices were not knowing them and having
fairly short notice to rehearse them, rather than any political
reason.[47]
However, Cash added, even if Nixon's office had given Cash enough
time to learn and rehearse the songs, their choice of pieces that
conveyed "antihippie and
antiblack" sentiments might have backfired.[67]
Highwaymen
In 1980, Cash became the
Country
Music Hall of Fame's youngest living inductee at age
forty-eight, but during the 1980s his records failed to make a
major impact on the country charts, although he continued to tour
successfully. In the mid 1980s, he recorded and toured with
Waylon Jennings,
Willie Nelson, and
Kris Kristofferson as
The Highwaymen,
making two hit albums.
During this period, Cash appeared in a number of
television films. In 1981, he starred in
The Pride of Jesse Hallam, winning fine reviews
for a film that called attention to adult
illiteracy. In the same
year, Cash appeared as a "very special guest star" in an episode
of the Muppet Show. In
1983, he appeared as a heroic sheriff in
Murder in Coweta County,
based on a real-life Georgia murder case, which co-starred
Andy Griffith as his nemesis. Cash had
tried for years to make the film, for which he won acclaim.
Cash relapsed into addiction after being
administered painkillers for a serious abdominal injury in 1983
caused by an unusual incident in which he was kicked and wounded
by an ostrich he kept on his farm.[68]
At a hospital visit in 1988, this time to watch
over Waylon Jennings (who was recovering from a
heart attack), Jennings
suggested that Cash have himself checked into the hospital for his
own heart condition. Doctors recommended preventive heart surgery,
and Cash underwent
double bypass surgery
in the same hospital. Both recovered, although Cash refused to use
any prescription painkillers, fearing a relapse into dependency.
Cash later claimed that during his operation, he had what is
called a "near death experience". He said he had visions of
Heaven that were so beautiful that he was angry when he woke
up alive.
Cash's recording career and his general
relationship with the Nashville establishment were at an all-time
low in the 1980s. He realized that his record label of nearly 30
years, Columbia, was growing indifferent to him and wasn't
properly marketing him (he was "invisible" during that time, as he
said in his autobiography). Cash recorded an intentionally awful
song to protest, a self-parody. "Chicken in Black" was about
Cash's brain being transplanted into a chicken. Ironically, the
song turned out to be a larger commercial success than any of his
other recent material. Nevertheless, he was hoping to kill the
relationship with the label before they did, and it was not long
after "Chicken in Black" that Columbia and Cash parted ways.
In 1986, Cash returned to Sun Studios in Memphis
to team up with Roy Orbison,
Jerry Lee Lewis, and
Carl Perkins to create the album
Class of '55. Also in 1986, Cash
published his only novel, Man in White, a book about
Saul and his conversion to become the Apostle Paul. He also recorded
Johnny Cash Reads The Complete
New Testament in 1990.
American Recordings
Johnny Cash sings a duet with a Navy
lieutenant c.1987.
After
Columbia Records dropped Cash from
his recording contract, he had a short and unsuccessful stint with
Mercury Records from 1987 to 1991 (see
Johnny Cash discography).
In 1991, Cash sang lead vocals on a cover
version of "Man in Black" for the
Christian punk band
One Bad Pig's album I Scream Sunday.
His career was rejuvenated in the 1990s, leading
to popularity among a younger audience not traditionally
interested in country music. In 1993, he sang the vocal on
U2's "The Wanderer" for their album
Zooropa. Although he was no longer sought after by major
labels, Cash was approached by producer
Rick Rubin and offered a contract with
Rubin's
American Recordings label, better known for
rap and
hard rock.
Under Rubin's supervision, he recorded the album
American Recordings
(1994) in his living room, accompanied only by his guitar. That
guitar was a Martin dreadnought guitar – one of many Cash played
throughout his career.[69]
The album featured several covers of contemporary artists selected
by Rubin and had much critical and commercial success, winning a
Grammy for
Best
Contemporary Folk Album. Cash wrote that his reception at the
1994 Glastonbury Festival was one of
the highlights of his career. This was the beginning of a decade
of music industry accolades and surprising commercial success.
Cash and his wife appeared on a number of
episodes of the popular television series
Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman starring
Jane Seymour. The actress
thought so highly of Cash that she later named one of her twin
sons after him. He lent his voice for a cartoon
cameo in
an episode of
The Simpsons, with his voice as that
of a
coyote that guides
Homer on a spiritual quest. In 1996,
Cash enlisted the accompaniment of
Tom Petty and the
Heartbreakers and released a sequel to American Recordings,
Unchained, which won a Grammy
for
Best Country Album. Cash, believing he
did not explain enough of himself in his 1975 autobiography Man
in Black, wrote another autobiography in 1997 entitled
Cash: The Autobiography.
[edit]
Last years and
death
In 1997, Cash was diagnosed with the
neurodegenerative
disease Shy-Drager
syndrome, a form of
Parkinson's disease. The diagnosis
was later altered to
autonomic neuropathy associated with
diabetes. This illness forced Cash to
curtail his touring. He was hospitalized in 1998 with severe
pneumonia, which damaged his
lungs.
The albums
American III: Solitary Man
(2000) and
American IV: The Man
Comes Around (2002) contained Cash's response to his
illness in the form of songs of a slightly more somber tone than
the first two American albums. The video that was released for "Hurt", a cover of the song
by
Nine Inch Nails, fits Cash's view of his past and feelings of regret.
The video for the song, from American IV, is now generally
recognized as "his epitaph,"[70]
and received particular critical and popular acclaim.
June Carter Cash died on May 15, 2003, at the age of 73. June
had told Cash to keep working, so he continued to record and even
performed a couple of surprise shows at the
Carter Family Fold outside
Bristol, Virginia. At the July 5, 2003 concert (his last public
performance), before singing "Ring of Fire", Cash read a statement about his late wife
that he had written shortly before taking the stage:
“ |
The spirit of June Carter overshadows me
tonight with the love she had for me and the love I have for
her. We connect somewhere between here and heaven. She came
down for a short visit, I guess, from heaven to visit with me
tonight to give me courage and inspiration like she always
has. |
” |
Cash died of complications from diabetes less
than four months after his wife, at 2:00 a.m. CT on September 12,
2003, while hospitalized at Baptist Hospital in Nashville. He was
buried next to his wife in
Hendersonville Memory
Gardens near his home in
Hendersonville, Tennessee.
His stepdaughter, Rosie (Nix) Adams and another
passenger were found dead on a bus in Montgomery County,
Tennessee, on October 24, 2003. It was speculated that the deaths
may have been caused by carbon monoxide from the lanterns in the
bus. Adams was 45 when she died. She was buried in the
Hendersonville Memory Gardens, near her mother and stepfather.
On May 24, 2005, Vivian Liberto, Cash's first
wife and the mother of Rosanne Cash and three other daughters,
died from surgery to remove lung cancer at the age of 71. It was
her daughter Rosanne's 50th birthday.[71]
In June 2005, his lakeside home on Caudill Drive
in Hendersonville was put up for sale by his estate. In January
2006, the house was sold to
Bee Gees vocalist
Barry Gibb and wife Linda and titled in
their Florida limited liability company for $2.3 million. The
listing agent was Cash's younger brother,
Tommy Cash. The home was destroyed by fire
on April 10, 2007.[72]
One of Cash's final collaborations with producer
Rick Rubin, entitled
American V: A Hundred
Highways, was released posthumously on July 4, 2006. The
album debuted in the #1 position on the Billboard Top 200
album chart for the week ending July 22, 2006.
On February 26, 2010, what would have been
Cash's 78th birthday, the Cash Family,
Rick Rubin, and Lost Highway Records
released his second posthumous record, entitled
American VI: Ain't No Grave.
[edit]
Legacy
From his early days as a pioneer of
rockabilly and
rock and roll in the 1950s, to his decades as an international
representative of country music, to his resurgence to fame in the
1990s as a living legend and an
alternative country icon, Cash
influenced countless artists and left a large body of work. Upon
his death, Cash was revered by the greatest popular musicians of
his time. His rebellious image and often anti-authoritarian stance
influenced the punk rock movement.[73][74]
Among Cash's children, his daughter
Rosanne Cash (by first wife
Vivian Liberto) and his son
John Carter Cash (by
June Carter Cash) are notable country-music musicians in their own
right.
Cash nurtured and defended artists on the
fringes of what was acceptable in country music even while serving
as the country music establishment's most visible symbol. At an
all-star TNT concert in 1999, a diverse group of artists paid him
tribute, including
Bob Dylan,
Chris Isaak,
Wyclef Jean,
Norah Jones,
Kris Kristofferson,
Willie Nelson,
Dom DeLuise and
U2. Cash
himself appeared at the end and performed for the first time in
more than a year. Two tribute albums were released shortly before
his death;
Kindred Spirits contains works from established artists,
while
Dressed in
Black contains works from many lesser-known artists.
In total, he wrote over 1,000 songs and released
dozens of albums. A box set titled
Unearthed was issued posthumously. It included four CDs of
unreleased material recorded with Rubin as well as a Best of
Cash on American retrospective CD.
In recognition of his lifelong support of
SOS Children's Villages, his family invited friends
and fans to donate to that charity in his memory. He had a
personal link with the SOS village in
Diessen, at the
Ammersee Lake in
Southern Germany, near where he was
stationed as a
GI, and also with the SOS village in Barrett Town, by
Montego Bay, near his holiday home in
Jamaica.[75]
The Johnny Cash Memorial Fund was founded.[76]
In 1999, Cash received the
Grammy Lifetime
Achievement Award. In 2004,
Rolling Stone
Magazine ranked Cash[77]
#31 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[78]
In a tribute to Cash after his death, country
music singer Gary Allan included the song "Nickajack
Cave (Johnny Cash's Redemption)" on his 2005 album entitled
Tough All Over. The song chronicles Cash hitting rock bottom and
subsequently resurrecting his life and career.
The main street in
Hendersonville, Tennessee,
Highway 31E, is known as "Johnny Cash Parkway".
The Johnny Cash Museum is located in
Hendersonville, Tennessee.
On November 2–4, 2007, the Johnny Cash Flower
Pickin' Festival was held in
Starkville, Mississippi.
Starkville, where Cash was arrested over 40 years earlier and held
overnight at the city jail on May 11, 1965, inspired Cash to write
the song "Starkville City Jail". The festival, where he was
offered a symbolic posthumous pardon, honored Cash's life and
music, and was expected to become an annual event.[79]
JC Unit One, Johnny Cash's private tour bus from
1980 until 2003, was put on exhibit at the
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
+ Museum in 2007. The Cleveland, Ohio museum offers public tours
of the bus on a seasonal basis (it is stored during the winter
months and not exhibited during those times).